Insulin is a protein hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Its main role is to regulate blood glucose levels. It enables the body's cells to absorb glucose, which is then used as a source of energy or stored for later use.Insulin is therefore essential for maintaining energy balance and preventing hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.
Insulin regulation is a complex process involving several feedback mechanisms. In response to an increase in blood glucose, such as after a meal, the pancreas secretesinsulin to help transport glucose to the cells. In diabetes, this mechanism is disrupted. Type 1 diabetes is caused by an absence ofinsulin production due to autoimmune destruction of beta cells, while type 2 diabetes is often characterized byinsulin resistance and a relative insufficiency ofinsulin production.
Insulin is mainly used in the treatment of diabetes to control blood sugar levels. It can be administered by injections or by insulin pumps, which deliver the hormone continuously. Adjustment ofinsulin doses is crucial and must be personalized to each individual's specific needs, often depending on meals, physical activity and blood glucose levels.
There are several types ofinsulin, classified according to their speed of action:
Although necessary for many patients,insulin can cause side effects such as injection site reactions, weight changes, and above all, episodes of hypoglycemia, which is a dangerous drop in blood glucose. Regular monitoring and adjustments to therapy are essential to minimize these risks.
Research continues to explore new forms ofinsulin and more effective delivery methods, such asinsulin inhalers and skin patches. In addition, studies aim to improve understanding of the mechanisms ofinsulin resistance in type 2 diabetes, paving the way for more targeted and personalized treatments.
Insulin plays a crucial role not only in glucose regulation, but also in lipid and protein metabolism. It promotes fat synthesis from fatty acids, inhibits fat breakdown in adipocytes and stimulates protein synthesis in muscles. In the absence ofinsulin, as in untreated diabetes, the body begins to break down muscle proteins and fats, which can lead to weight loss and other metabolic complications.
An inappropriate dose ofinsulin can manifest itself as hypoglycemia (if the dose is too high) or hyperglycemia (if the dose is too low). Symptoms of hypoglycemia include tremors, sweating, palpitations, confusion, and sometimes convulsions or loss of consciousness. Hyperglycemia may manifest as excessive thirst, frequent urination, fatigue and blurred vision. Management of these situations requires adjustment ofinsulin dosage, often with the help of a healthcare professional, and regular blood glucose monitoring.
Although type 1 diabetes is inevitable, type 2 diabetes, often linked toinsulin resistance, can often be prevented or delayed by lifestyle changes. Adopting a balanced diet rich in fiber and low in saturated fats, engaging in regular physical activity and maintaining a healthy weight can improveinsulin sensitivity and reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
In type 1 diabetes,insulin administration is essential, covering both basal (continuous) and prandial (around meals) needs. In type 2 diabetes,insulin may be required if other medications and lifestyle modifications are not sufficient to control blood glucose levels. Administration regimens are tailored to the individual's glycemic response, lifestyle and general health.
Technological advances have significantly improvedinsulin management for diabetic patients. Modern insulin pumps can deliver precise doses, and are often coupled with continuous glucose monitoring systems that automatically adjustinsulin delivery. In addition, current research is focusing on the development of bioartificial beta cells that could one day enable autonomous glucose regulation, potentially offering a "cure" solution for certain types of diabetes.
