Heartburn affects a large proportion of the population at some point in their lives. Fortunately, with a better understanding of the triggers and treatments available, it is possible to manage this condition effectively. Nevertheless, vigilance is required to detect the signs of a more serious condition requiring medical intervention.
What is heartburn?
Heartburn, also known as pyrosis, is a burning sensation in the chest, often felt behind the breastbone. This unpleasant sensation can extend to the throat and is frequently accompanied by an acidic or bitter taste in the mouth. Heartburn is usually the result of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), where acidic stomach contents back up into the esophagus, irritating its lining.
What causes heartburn?
Heartburn can be caused by a variety of factors, including a diet rich in fatty, spicy or acidic foods; alcohol, caffeine or tobacco consumption; being overweight; stress; and even certain medications. Weakness of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which acts as a barrier between the stomach and esophagus, can also contribute to the onset of symptoms.
How can heartburn be prevented?
Preventing heartburn often involves lifestyle and dietary changes. It's advisable to eat smaller, more frequent meals, avoid trigger foods and drinks, avoid eating just before bedtime, and maintain a healthy weight. Raising the head of the bed a few centimetres can also help reduce nocturnal symptoms.
What treatments are available for heartburn?
Heartburn treatment may include the use of antacids, H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) to reduce gastric acidity. These medications are available over the counter or by prescription. For more severe or persistent cases, a medical consultation is essential to develop a personalized treatment plan and, if necessary, rule out other medical conditions.
Does heartburn indicate a more serious condition?
Although often benign, frequent heartburn may signal a more serious condition such as chronic GERD, which, if left untreated, can lead to complications such as oesophageal reflux disease (GERD).complications such as erosive esophagitis, narrowing of the esophagus, or the development of Barrett's esophagus, a potential precursor to esophageal cancer. A medical assessment is therefore crucial in the face of persistent symptoms.
What foods should be avoided to reduce the risk of heartburn?
To prevent heartburn, it's advisable to avoid certain foods and beverages that can irritate the esophagus or relax the lower esophageal sphincter. The main culprits include spicy foods, citrus fruits, tomato products, garlic, onions, fatty or fried foods, chocolate, caffeine, alcoholic beverages and soft drinks. A balanced diet rich in vegetables, fruit (except citrus), whole grains and lean proteins can help minimize symptoms.
Can heartburn be cured for good?
In many cases, heartburn can be effectively managed through lifestyle changes and the judicious use of medication. For some people, these adjustments can significantly reduce or even eliminate symptoms. However, for others, particularly those with chronic GERD, heartburn may require long-term management. In exceptional cases, surgical procedures such as Nissen fundoplication may be considered to treat the underlying causes of GERD.
Is heartburn common during pregnancy?
Yes, heartburn is particularly common during pregnancy, affecting a large majority of pregnant women. This increased risk is due to several factors, including rising levels of hormones such as progesterone, which can relax the lower esophageal sphincter, and the pressure exerted by the growing uterus on the stomach, pushing gastric contents down the esophagus. Adopting smaller, more frequent meals, avoiding trigger foods, and maintaining an elevated position after eating can help manage these symptoms.
Can physical activity influence heartburn?
Yes, physical activity can both aggravate and improve heartburn. Intense exercise, especially just after eating, can increase the risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux due to increased abdominal pressure. However, maintaining a healthy weight through regular physical activity is beneficial in reducing the frequency and severity of heartburn. It is advisable to wait at least two hours after a meal before engaging in physical exercise, and to favor less intense activities if reflux is a concern.
How can heartburn be distinguished from heart pain?
Although heartburn and heart pain can sometimes manifest in similar ways, there are some key distinctions. Heartburn is generally experienced as a burning or hot sensation that can extend from the abdomen to the throat, often after eating. Heart pain, on the other hand, may present as pressure or constriction in the chest, and may be accompanied by other symptoms such as pain in the arm, jaw, back, breathing difficulties, and sweating. In the face of chest pain, especially if it is new, intense, or accompanied by other symptoms of heart disease, it is crucial to seek immediate medical evaluation.
