What are the main causes of acid reflux?
Acid reflux, also known as gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), is mainly caused by relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, which normally closes the entrance between the esophagus and the stomach. This relaxation allows stomach acid to flow back up into the esophagus, causing a burning sensation. Aggravating factors include obesity, consumption of certain foods such as citrus fruits, spicy foods, caffeine, alcohol and smoking. Stress and pregnancy can also play a significant role.
What symptoms are associated with acid reflux?
Typical symptoms of acid reflux include burning in the lower chest, often after eating, which can last for several hours. Other symptoms may include a sour or bitter taste in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, acid regurgitation, throat irritation, and a persistent feeling of food stuck in the chest or throat.
How can acid reflux be treated?
Treatment of acid reflux can vary according to the severity of symptoms. Lifestyle modifications are often recommended first, such as avoiding trigger foods, not eating before bedtime and maintaining a healthy body weight. Medications such as antacids, proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and H2-receptor antagonists can also be prescribed to reduce acid production and relieve symptoms.
What complications can arise from untreated acid reflux?
If left untreated, acid reflux can lead to serious complications, such as erosive esophagitis, an inflammation that can damage esophageal tissue. In severe cases, this can lead to esophageal strictures, or a narrowing of the esophagus, which complicates swallowing. Chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux may also increase the risk of adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus, a type of cancer.
Are there any natural remedies for acid reflux?
While medical treatments are often necessary to effectively manage acid reflux, some natural remedies can help relieve symptoms. Ginger, renowned for its anti-inflammatory properties, can be taken as an infusion. Baking soda, diluted in water, can also temporarily neutralize stomach acid. It is crucial, however, to consult a doctor before starting any natural treatment, especially if symptoms are frequent or severe.
How is acid reflux diagnosed?
To diagnose acid reflux, the doctor may base his or her diagnosis on the symptoms described by the patient, and propose an endoscopy to examine the inside of the esophagus and stomach. This procedure can detect signs of tissue irritation or erosion. Another test, esophageal pH-metry, can be used to measure acidity in the esophagus over 24 hours, to confirm the frequency and duration of acid reflux.
Can acid reflux be prevented by diet?
Yes, certain dietary modifications can help prevent acid reflux. It is advisable to reduce consumption of fatty, spicy foods, and those containing caffeine, alcohol or citrus fruits, as these can relax the esophageal sphincter or irritate the esophagus. Eating smaller, more frequent meals instead of large, hearty ones can also reduce pressure on the stomach, thereby lowering the risk of reflux.
Is acid reflux linked to stress?
Stress doesn't directly cause acid reflux, but it can make symptoms worse. Stress can lead to increased acid production in the stomach, or make individuals more sensitive to sensations of pain. Managing stress through relaxation techniques or behavioral therapies can help reduce the frequency of reflux episodes.
Are there differences in acid reflux management between children and adults?
Yes, the management of acid reflux in children may differ from that in adults due to their physiology and size. In children, it is often advisable to modify eating and positioning habits (e.g. keeping the child upright after meals). Medications are prescribed cautiously and usually after a thorough pediatric evaluation to avoid potentially more impactful side effects in young patients.
When should I consult a doctor about acid reflux?
It's important to consult a doctor if symptoms of acid reflux persist despite lifestyle changes, if they worsen, or if they are accompanied by chest pain, vomiting, difficulty swallowing, or unexplained weight loss. These symptoms could indicate more serious complications requiring immediate medical intervention.
