The hornet is a hymenopteran larger than the common wasp, with a sting that injects more venom. Two species are found in France: the European hornet (Vespa crabro), which is more tolerant and nocturnal, and the Asian hornet (Vespa velutina), an aggressive invasive species that must be reported to the authorities. Multiple stings or an allergy to the venom can be life-threatening.
European hornet and Asian hornet: what are the differences?
The two species differ in appearance, behavior, and level of danger.
- European hornet (Vespa crabro): 2.5 to 3.5 cm, reddish-brown with yellow spots, nocturnal, less aggressive away from the nest— to be distinguished from the wasp (smaller and more aggressive)
- Asian hornet (Vespa velutina): slightly smaller (2–3 cm), black abdomen with a single yellow band, yellow tips on the legs, very aggressive if the nest is threatened
- The Asian hornet is an invasive species classified as a pest — its nest is spherical in shape and often located at height (in trees or on building facades)
Are hornets dangerous to humans?
Hornets rarely sting without reason, but their sting injects more venom than a wasp’s and can be repeated.
- Painful sting with a pronounced local reaction: swelling, warmth, and pain lasting several hours
- Multiple stings: risk of anaphylactic shock even without a preexisting allergy
- People allergic to venom: risk of anaphylactic shock from the very first sting
- Asian hornet: more aggressive pursuit behavior than the European hornet—move away quickly without making any sudden movements
Hornet sting: treatment and anaphylaxis?
Immediate treatment follows the same principles as for wasp stings, with increased vigilance due to the amount of venom.
- Wash with soap and water; apply a cold compress for 15 to 20 minutes
- Apply a soothing anti-sting gel and take an oral antihistamine if there is a widespread local reaction
- Monitor for 30 minutes: generalized hives, facial swelling, difficulty breathing, or dizziness = call 15 or 112 immediately
- History of venom allergy: Use the prescribed epinephrine auto-injector before emergency help arrives
- Sting in the mouth or throat: immediate emergency regardless of allergy—call 15
How can you prevent hornets from nesting?
Early detection in the spring is the best strategy.
- Inspect attics, lofts, and garden sheds in March–April: a nascent nest (the size of a tennis ball) is easier to treat
- Set selective hornet traps in the spring: attract and capture the queens before a colony is established
- Cover trash cans, fallen fruit, and food left out on patios that attract hornets
- Do not leave meat or fish exposed outdoors—hornets are carnivorous and are highly attracted to them
How do you report an Asian hornet nest?
The Asian hornet (Vespa velutina) is a regulated invasive species in France—reporting sightings is strongly encouraged.
- Report it on the national INPN Espèces platform or through your local city hall—these reports contribute to national monitoring
- Never approach or attempt to destroy an Asian hornet nest on your own: they will aggressively pursue you for several dozen meters
- Contact the fire department (18) or a licensed pest control professional for treatment
- Chemical treatments of the nest must be carried out at night; full protective gear is mandatory
When should you call emergency services or a professional?
Certain situations require mandatory professional intervention.
- Any Asian hornet nest, regardless of size
- A large European hornet nest or one located in a high-traffic area
- If there is someone in the household with an allergy
- General reaction after a sting (hives, swelling, discomfort) → 15 or 112
